If you tap the top of someone's beer bottle with the bottom of yours, it instantly creates a beer foam volcano. So what's causing this? Following is a transcript of the video.

You might have experienced this, depending on how evil your friends are. Your friend taps the top of your beer bottle with the bottom of theirs. Why this happens was largely unknown until Javier Rodriguez-Rodriguez and his colleagues at Carlos III University in Madrid figured out why.

Rodriguez-Rodriguez: "I was with some colleagues one night in a bar after work. Colleagues from the university, from my department, and then we all started to do this thing to each other. And we were, we started basically to discuss like so what is the cause of this explosion of foam."

He used high-speed cameras to see the phenomenon in action. Then he zoomed in really close. As soon as the bottle is struck, a wave of vibrations runs through it. When the wave hits tiny bubbles throughout the beer, the bubbles begin pulsating and then collapse.

Rodriguez-Rodriguez: "So this is, in few words, this is like an explosion. You think about that, the explosion is actually the sudden release of a huge amount of gas that is trying to make it's way out. So this is what creates these waves and explosions and these things. So this is in few words what happens with the bubbles. The cloud of bubbles that resulted from the explosion. It goes super fast so it multiplies the volume by ten. In a matter of one millisecond to ten milliseconds."

When the bubbles collapse they form tiny fragments. Those fragments are inflated by other CO2 in the beer. As they fill up with CO2 gas, they grow more buoyant and start rushing toward the surface. The faster the bubbles rise, the faster they grow becoming a self-feeding loop. The effect looks something like a mushroom cloud and it's about as unstoppable as an explosion.

Rodriguez-Rodriguez: "So it means that these plumes are able to grow until basically, they occupy the whole volume of the bottle."

He says you can either try to drink the expanding foam or find the nearest sink.

Rodriguez-Rodriguez: "I prefer to drink it."

Their findings could have wide implications, beyond your beer. Often large amounts of CO2 erupt from lakes and volcanoes. Geologists say if they can predict those events they could contain the CO2 and prevent it from reaching our atmosphere. I'll drink to that!

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• H&M used an image of a young black boy to advertise a hoodie that said "coolest monkey in the jungle."
• Social media users argued this was racist because "monkey" is a known racial slur.
• The Weeknd, who has a collection with the brand, tweeted Monday that he has cut all ties with it.

The Weeknd said he is severing ties with H&M after it advertised a sweatshirt many said was racist.

H&M came under fire on social media for using a black boy to advertise a sweatshirt that said "coolest monkey in the jungle." The brand apologized on Monday and removed the item from its US website.

In response, Canadian singer The Weeknd, who has collaborated with H&M to launch two collections in 2017, said that he will no longer work with the brand.

His current 18-piece collection, "The Weeknd X H&M," which features a mix of menswear items like sweatshirts and hoodies, is still available online. 

"We completely understand and agree with his reaction to the image. We are deeply sorry that the picture was taken, and we also regret the actual print. We have removed the image from all our channels and the sweater is no longer for sale in our stores. We will also look into our internal routines to avoid such situations in the future. We will continue the discussion with the Weeknd and his team separately," H&M said in a statement to Business Insider. 

Despite this, the $10.83 (£7.99 GBP) sweatshirt, is currently still for sale on H&M's UK site, Insider reported.

SEE ALSO: H&M apologizes for using a black child in a 'racist' sweatshirt ad — but some people don't think it's enough

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NOW WATCH: Why red and green are the colors of Christmas

• Oprah Winfrey's much-talked-about Golden Globes speech— which may or may not spark a 2020 bid for the White House— mentioned the story of Recy Taylor.

• Taylor was a young African American woman from Alabama who fought for justice after she was abducted, raped, and threatened by a group of white men in 1944.

• The rapists were never prosecuted, but her efforts helped to lay the groundwork for the monumental Montgomery bus boycott.

Oprah Winfrey's rousing speech didn't just prompt a standing ovation at the Golden Globes — it's got people talking about whether or not she'll make a run for the White House in 2020.

The media mogul focused on the importance of the #MeToo movement, heaped praise on the free press, and called on listeners to take steps to fight injustice.

She also took time to share the story of the late Recy Taylor.

Taylor was a young African American woman living in Alabama when she was abducted and raped by a group of white men in 1944. Her quest for justice proved to be a pivotal but often overlooked moment for the American civil rights movement.

"Recy Taylor died ten days ago, just shy of her 98th birthday," Winfrey said, during her speech. "She lived, as we all have lived, too many years in a culture broken by brutally powerful men. For too long, women have not been heard or believed if they dared speak their truth to the power of those men. But their time is up."

Here's a look at the story of the late Recy Taylor:

SEE ALSO: Oprah is 'actively' thinking about running for president after her rousing Golden Globes speech

Taylor was born in 1919 to a family of sharecroppers living in Abbeville, Alabama. The New York Times reported that she helped raise her six younger siblings after her mother died when she was 17.

Source: The New York Times

By September 1944, the 24-year-old was married to Willie Guy Taylor and had a baby daughter, Joyce Lee.

Source: The Washington Post

On the evening of September 3, Taylor was walking back from church with her friend Fannie Daniel and Daniel's son West, when they noticed a green Chevrolet pass by them several times.

Source: The Daily Mail, The Washington Post, "At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance"

It's official: Your TV isn't as big as Samsung's "The Wall" television.

Unless you own a movie theater, perhaps? But you probably don't. 

This hulking, 146-inch TV isn't just huge — it's also sporting a fancy display technology known as "micro LED," which Samsung says is at the heart of "the screen of the future."

So, what's the big deal? Here's what we know.

SEE ALSO: Samsung patented a phone that can read the palm of your hand

At 146-inches, it's absolutely, ridiculously, huge.

Samsung isn't calling this thing "The Wall" for nothing. At 146-inches, it's more than double the size of most home sets. As someone who recently purchased a 55-inch television, I have a hard time fathoming how much larger a 146-inch TV is. 

The image above, released by Samsung, doesn't really do justice to the size of this screen. It's literally a whole wall.

More than just super big, Samsung's "The Wall" TV is a showcase for a new type of display tech from the South Korean company, which it calls "modular, MicroLED" technology.

"Modular, MicroLED" sounds like a bunch of nonsense jargon, right? It's pretty much exactly that. Here's a simple breakdown of these new buzzwords:

MicroLED, in the case of this TV, means, according to Samsung: "It is a self-emitting TV with micrometer-scale LEDs — which are much smaller than current LEDs, and serve as their own source of light."

What that means for the average human being is that the TV doesn't need a backlight.

In terms of the TV being "modular," that means anyone buying "The Wall" can customize it.

"The screen can adapt to serve different purposes," says Samsung, "such as creating a wall-size display for multiple spaces."

Put more simply, "modular" means that you could customize this set to be even larger (or smaller) than 146 inches. For Samsung's purposes though, the version being released this year is the 146-inch variety.

"The Wall" has no price just yet, or a release date. But let's not kid ourselves: This thing is going to cost a ton of cash.

Between the size, the pedigree of the company behind it, and the new technology it's using, "The Wall" is going to cost a lot of money. Like, a lot of money. Think: Tens of thousands of dollars.

But that's just our best guess: Samsung hasn't given out an official price for "The Wall," and there's no launch date/window either. A press event scheduled for March is said to offer more details on the massive TV, so stay tuned!

• First daughter Ivanka Trump appeared to support a rousing speech Oprah Winfrey gave during the Golden Globes broadcast.
• Ivanka attracted backlash after she called Oprah's Sunday night acceptance speech "empowering and inspiring," because some critics believed it was implicitly critical of President Donald Trump and his administration.

First daughter Ivanka Trump appeared to support a rousing acceptance speech Oprah Winfrey gave during Sunday night's Golden Globes broadcast. But she received some criticism for that because Oprah's speech was implicitly critical of President Donald Trump and his administration.

"Just saw @Oprah's empowering & inspiring speech at last night’s #GoldenGlobes," Ivanka tweeted Monday night. "Let’s all come together, women & men, & say #TIMESUP ! #United."

Oprah's speech, which received high praise and some critique throughout the worlds of entertainment and politics, was, at points, implicitly critical of Trump and his administration.

"I want to thank the Hollywood Foreign Press Association because we all know the press is under siege these days," Oprah said. "We also know it's the insatiable dedication to uncovering the absolute truth that keeps us from turning a blind eye to corruption and to injustice."

Oprah also highlighted the wave of sexual misconduct allegations in Hollywood and other industries, which has since emboldened a national movement in support of women's rights.

"To tyrants and victims, and secrets and lies: I want to say that I value the press more than ever before as we try to navigate these complicated times, which brings me to this: what I know for sure is that speaking your truth is the most powerful tool we all have," Oprah continued.

"And I'm especially proud and inspired by all the women who have felt strong enough and empowered enough to speak up and share their personal stories," Oprah said. "Each of us in this room are celebrated because of the stories that we tell, and this year we became the story."

Ivanka's support of Oprah's speech was also notable in that at least 22 women have accused Donald Trump sexual misconduct. Trump, who has flatly denied the claims, came under renewed scrutiny among the wave of allegations that rocked leaders in politics, entertainment, tech, and the media industries.

Here's a few of the responses to Ivanka's tweet:

SEE ALSO: NBC deletes tweet that appeared to endorse Oprah for president

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NOW WATCH: 'These women deserve to be heard': Ohio Rep. Tim Ryan says Congress should investigate sexual misconduct allegations against Trump

• Facebook is trying to figure out the right video ad model for Watch.
• It's not clear whether consumers will be OK with pre-roll or mid-roll ads. 
• A solution may lie in Spotify's video ads, which are upfront with consumers about giving them 30 minutes of music with no ad interruptions after a single ad.

Facebook has painted itself into a corner.

The company wants to be a major video-advertising player, but its executives have declared that they are firmly against pre-roll ads, those video ads that run right before video clips.

That's probably a smart position to take for now, at least when it comes to Facebook's news feed – which is where the bulk of Facebook's video consumption occurs. Shoving a must-watch ad into someone's feed before video content they may or may not even be interested in in the first place sure seems like a way to infuriate consumers.

But for the fledgling Facebook Watch, which is designed to be a section of Facebook where people hang out and watch videos because that's what they've set out to do, pre-rolls have to be on the table. And, according to Recode, a test of six-second pre-roll ads is coming to Watch this year.

However, Facebook doesn't seem to love this strategy. It has publicly, and in discussions with media partners, talked up mid-roll ads– those that arrive midway through a video, during content breaks, like TV commercials.

The problem Facebook faces is that the mid-rolls ads currently interrupt mostly very short videos, the kind of people are used to blazing through on their phones, though longer content is in the works.

And the early buzz from consumers and some publishers on mid-rolls hasn't been great. It's very easy for viewers to bail out once these ads start playing – which means they essentially stop watching or leave the site/app altogether.

Spotify offers Facebook a model

But there's another approach. 

Instead of emulating YouTube (which again, it seems to be doing with Watch), Facebook could learn a lot from – wait for it - Spotify.

The model here is simple: give users the run of Watch without ads for a pre-set period – as long as they watch one quick ad upfront.

Spotify's not a major digital ad player you say? It's about subscriptions, and maybe advertisers sponsoring playlists, right? Perhaps, but it's also got one of the more elegant - and, more importantly, tolerable - ad products out there.

Since 2015, Spotify has offered advertisers what it calls Sponsored Sessions. Basically, when using the free Spotify service, people encounter a video ad preceded by the following message: "The next 30 minutes are ad free, thanks to the following sponsor." Then you watch a Volvo or a Wild Turkey ad, and you're off to streaming whatever music you fancy.

Not only is it a pretty good deal - you get premium content (like, say, Beyonce) and all you have to do is sit through a 15 or 30-second ad that you can pay attention to, or not.

But also, you know what's coming, and that your experience won't get hijacked by a mid-roll at any given moment. 

That's because Spotify is upfront about the deal. It's exactly the kind of overt appeal that advertisers and publishers need to take in an era when consumers are skipping and avoiding ads all over the planet, and any interruptions are viewed with hostility.

Transparency with consumers

When launching Sponsored Sessions, the streaming service had the advantage of building a video-ad experience from scratch rather than having to retrofit a model, says Brian Benedik, Spotify's vice president and global head of sales.

Plus, the company's core subscription model gave his team cover, since the whole company wasn't relying on ads to pay for everything. Yet the approach has paid off – and most people can see the ads and tend to finish them (neither a given in digital video). Plus, TV advertisers can use their already paid-for TV ads. 

"It's very transparent with consumers," he told Business Insider just prior to setting out for the Consumer Electronics Show, where Spotify is planning a major presence in courting attending marketers. "We give them a proposition. And they get a long listening session." And even better, marketers are seen as giving people something they love.

Wouldn't this overt tactic make total sense for Facebook Watch? True, Facebook first has to get more humans to know that Watch exists. That's no small matter. But once you get people into the fold, wouldn't it make sense to set their expectations on advertising upfront?

Facebook has been researching the different ways people interact with ads in different environments. They have found that people will tolerate interruptive video ads as long as they aren't too long.

Perhaps. But it's awfully early in establishing the ad mores for Watch. Maybe 30 minutes of ad-free isn't the way to go here. Shorter sessions might be better.

Either way, by spelling out the idea to consumers that you'll be able to watch all the videos you want for a while after checking out such and such an ad could serve to make the whole platform more palatable.

To be sure, not every digital media company can afford restraint when it comes to how many ads they shove down our throats.

"Our business does allow us to be selective," said Benedik.

But if anybody else has the revenue structure to be picky, and the power to set consumer expectations, it's Facebook.

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NOW WATCH: The surprising reason some countries drive on the left side of the road

• Sony's PlayStation 4 has now sold nearly 75 million units.
• The PlayStation 4 is, by far, the most popular console in the world.
• Over 5 million PlayStation 4 consoles were sold during the holiday season.

Sony's PlayStation 4 continues to dominate Microsoft's Xbox One and Nintendo's Switch.

As of December 31, the PlayStation 4 reached 73.6 million consoles sold. That puts Sony in the lead by a mile.

More specifically, Sony's PlayStation 4 sales are more than double that of the closest competition — the "closest competition," of course, being Microsoft's Xbox One. Though Microsoft no longer reports sales numbers for its Xbox One console, the best estimates put the Xbox One somewhere in the realm of 30 - 50 million units sold.

During just the holiday season, from November 19 to December 31, Sony sold over 5 million PlayStation 4 consoles. Doesn't sound like a lot? Even 2017's hottest new console, Nintendo's Switch, sold just 4.7 million units in its first four months. Nintendo estimates it'll sell around 14 million Switch consoles in its first year, while Sony's expecting to move a whopping 18 million PlayStation 4 consoles in the same amount of time.

The continued success of the PlayStation 4 is due to several different factors:

1. The PlayStation 4 was the less expensive console when it launched in 2013, coming in at $100 less than Microsoft's Xbox One.
2. The PlayStation 4 is an attractive box that easily fits into your home, and using it as more than a game console is a snap.
3. A lineup of killer blockbuster games, from "Uncharted 4: A Thief's End" to "Horizon Zero Dawn" to "Bloodborne," made the PlayStation 4 a must-have console. All three of those games are only playable on PS4.
4. Success begets success — the PlayStation 4 has overtaken the zeitgeist as "the" game console to own if you're going to buy a game console.

Though Sony's exclusive game lineup isn't full of bangers in the coming months, an impressive array of major exclusives are currently in the works. And if you're looking for a way to enjoy more 4K content on your new 4K TV, the PlayStation 4 Pro offers an upgrade path to even prettier games. All of which is to say one thing: Sony's PlayStation 4 isn't showing any signs of slowing down. 

SEE ALSO: The PlayStation 4 is about to have a great year — here's what to expect in 2018

Join the conversation about this story »

NOW WATCH: 5 hidden features only PlayStation 4 power users know about

• Seven young adults went undercover as students at a Kansas high school for the documentary series "Undercover High."
• The volunteers, ages 21 to 26, made themselves look younger, and one of them even got braces to look the part.
• They discovered issues students were going through that even the administration didn't know about.

You couldn't pay most people to relive their high school experiences.

But that's exactly what seven young adults did for the new A&E documentary series "Undercover High," which premieres Tuesday.

The show follows the seven participants, ages 21 to 26, as they pose as students at Highland Park High School in Topeka, Kansas, during the spring 2017 semester.

The goal of the program is to expose the challenges of students and school staff, as well as provide administrators details students would ordinarily never share with them.

"I always wonder, what is a student not telling us that they will only tell a peer?" Tiffany Anderson, the superintendent of Topeka Public Schools, said in an early episode.

Over the semester, the young adults were exposed to bullying, sexual harassment, poverty, violence, and drug addiction, among other issues. And in some cases, administrators did not realize the extent of the problems.

"All of those topics are discussed at some level at school, but between students, the insight is just much deeper than what we would have gained otherwise," Anderson told Business Insider.

The participants tried to look like convincing high-school students. The men shaved to look younger, while one woman, a 25-year-old named Erin, was even fitted with braces. They took a full course load and did assignments like the rest of the students.

Although the group received psychological training before the semester, nothing could prepare them for what they experienced.

As early episodes of the show indicate, cellphone use is rampant among students at the school, and social media became a greater source of pressure and stress than it had been for participants who graduated as recently as five years ago.

"The kinds of challenges that I experienced in high school along with my peers are now 24/7 issues because of technology, computers, cellphones, and social media," Shane Feldman, an undercover student who graduated from high school in 2012, told Business Insider. "There's no real escape."

Issues involving social media arose quickly for the participants. One woman, a 22-year-old named Lina, caught wind of a group text in which more than 20 male students were making alarming sexual remarks about her soon after she arrived at the school.

"I think my heart kind of stopped for a minute," she said.

She later informed the school's principal, who discovered that some of the people in the group text weren't even students in the school district.

"Undercover High" is an effort between A&E and Lucky 8 productions. The companies previously collaborated on the show "60 Days In," which follows citizens who go undercover as inmates in an Atlanta jail and is now in its fourth season.

The first episode of "Undercover High" airs Tuesday at 10 p.m. ET, followed by a segment featuring a psychotherapist and an adolescent psychologist who were advisers on the show, as well as a member of a crisis text line and some of the undercover students.

Watch a preview of the series:

SEE ALSO: Regular people went undercover in an Atlanta jail as part of an experiment — and for the first time in 4 years, someone blew their cover

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NOW WATCH: Inside the best high school in America, which costs $53,000 a year

• Martha Stewart has had a fascinating career path from model, to stockbroker, to cookbook author, to cooking show cohost with the rapper Snoop Dogg. 
• More than once, it has seemed like Stewart had finally failed — but she always comes back. 
• "I'm not Lenin or Stalin; I don't have a master plan," Stewart said in 1989. "There are just so many things can come along and interrupt it."

Martha Stewart has lived the lives and careers of at least a dozen people in the last 76 years. 

From model, to stockbroker, to cookbook author, to cooking show cohost with the rapper Snoop Dogg, Stewart has done it all. 

There were times when it seemed that Stewart had reached the end of her career. In 2004, Stewart was found guilty on charges related to insider trading, and she spent five months in jail. 

But since the scandal, Stewart has only come back stronger. Today, she has a show on VH1 with the rapper Snoop Dogg, called "Martha & Snoop's Potluck Dinner Party." She has authored 87 books. Stewart's reach extends to everything from her own meal-kit brand to a craft line at Michaels. 

Stewart's success took time 

Stewart was born in 1941 as Martha Kostyra. She was raised in Nutley, New Jersey. 

By the time Stewart was in high school, she had started her modeling career, which continued into her time at Barnard College. Living in New York City, the $50 an hour she could make modeling helped provide her with some spending money. 

She married Andrew Stewart, a Yale Law School student, before graduating from Barnard with a degree in art and architectural history. Her first career was as a stockbroker at a boutique firm, but her passions lay elsewhere. 

After moving with her husband to Westport, Connecticut, Stewart threw herself into renovating a farmhouse built in 1805 on Turkey Hill Road — a house that would become an iconic part of her lifestyle brand.

She started a catering company, which cooked gourmet meals for as many as 1,500 people at a time and exploded into a $1 million business.

The catering business also led to the book that launched her career. 

Publishing executive Alan Mirken saw Stewart's potential when she was catering a book-launch party, and he encouraged her to write a cookbook herself. The result was her first book, published in 1982 and titled "Entertaining." 

Becoming a "one-woman, multimillion-dollar industry"

"Entertaining" was a hit and sold 625,000 copies, according to Entrepreneur magazine. 

Stewart quickly followed it up with more books, including "Martha Stewart's Quick Cook Menus," "The Wedding Planner," and "Martha Stewart's Christmas." She became a regular guest on TV programs like "The Oprah Winfrey Show" while growing into a role as the go-to home-cooking guru for millions of Americans. By the late 1980s, people would spend $900 to fly to Connecticut for a three-day "entertaining seminar" at Turkey Hill. 

"Today, the 48-year-old former model and Wall Street stockbroker is a one-woman, multimillion-dollar industry whose name has become synonymous with gracious living," The Sun-Sentinel reported in 1989. 

Stewart launched a magazine, Martha Stewart Living, in 1991. In 1997, she took over ownership of the magazine from Time Inc. by founding Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, which also included her books and TV show. Stewart was chairman, president, and CEO of the company. 

The success required hard work — and some sacrifices. Mirken told The Sun-Sentinel that Stewart worked "28 hours a day and [made] commitments for 56."

This intense work ethic seems to have contributed to Stewart's divorce in 1990. 

"I had to sacrifice a marriage because of the lure of the great job, the fabulous workplace," Stewart told CNN recently. "But, I don't regret it at all, because what I've done is something bigger and better than just one marriage. 

Stewart's downfall

In 2002, Stewart was hit hard by scandal when news broke that the US Securities and Exchange Commission was investigating her for insider trading. Suddenly, Stewart could no longer focus on her salads, but instead was swamped with negative press and forced to step down as Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia's CEO. 

In 2003, the SEC charged Stewart for insider trading, saying she sold stock in a biopharmaceutical company in late 2001 after receiving an unlawful tip from her former stockbroker. In March 2004, she was found guilty on all counts, including on charges of obstruction of justice, conspiracy, and making false statements. 

"When judge said count 1, you could hear this gasp," NBC News correspondent Ann Thompson reported at the time. "No one could believe it, no matter how you thought the trial was going, that this would be happening to this woman who is one of the biggest celebrities in this country of making false statements."

Stewart served five months in West Virginia's Alderson Federal Prison Camp. Stewart says that the prison stint cost her company an estimated $1 billion. 

The comeback

After finishing her prison term, Stewart refused to keep a low profile. She was soon back on the air with "The Martha Stewart Show" and signed deals with Home Depot, PetSmart, and Michaels. 

Stewart's comeback has had its failures along with its successes. In 2015, Sequential Brands Group announced it would acquire Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia in a deal valued at $353 million, after the company posted losses 11 out of the previous 12 years. 

But, in the last few years, Stewart has reemerged as a beloved and still shockingly relevant personality. 

She was a surprise hit at the 2015 Comedy Central roast of Justin Bieber. In 2016, she launched a meal-kit line called "Martha & Marley Spoon." She hosts a cooking show on VH1 with the rapper Snoop Dogg. And, her Twitter account is one of the best online. 

In many ways, it makes sense. Stewart is constantly evolving — and she's determined to come out on top. 

"I'm not Lenin or Stalin; I don't have a master plan," Stewart told The Sun-Sentinel back in 1989. "There are just so many things can come along and interrupt it."

Join the conversation about this story »

• Toyota unveiled its self-driving e-Palette concept vehicle at the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) on Monday.
• "Black Mirror" fans thought the vehicle resembled a self-driving pizza delivery vehicle that hits a pedestrian on an episode of the show.
• Toyota and Pizza Hut announced a partnership before the e-Palette reveal and suggested that the vehicle could be used to deliver pizza.

When Toyota unveiled its self-driving e-Palette concept vehicle at the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas on Monday, the company touted the vehicle's potential to serve as a multi-purpose delivery vehicle, mobile office, or storefront. Before the reveal, Toyota announced a partnership with Pizza Hut and suggested that the vehicle could be used to deliver pizza.

But fans of the show "Black Mirror" — whose episodes imagine dystopian futures based on modern trends and technology —  were reminded of a similar-looking pizza delivery vehicle that hits a character in the episode "Crocodile."

"We know how this goes," the show's Twitter account said in response to the e-Palette reveal.

"Nah, we aren't Fence's. " Pizza Hut's account replied, referring to the fictional pizza company whose autonomous vehicle strikes a pedestrian.

"Black Mirror" fans expressed their concern on Twitter.

SEE ALSO: 10 terrifying predictions from 'Black Mirror' that could become reality

Join the conversation about this story »

NOW WATCH: We talked to Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman about tax reform, Trump, and bitcoin

Not only has the world grown to love the Duchess of Cambridge ever since she started dating — and eventually married and had children with — Prince William, but we've watched her grow up, too.

From university nights out to royal engagements to children, the Duchess of Cambridge has been a national sweetheart since the first day she graced our tabloids as the potential girlfriend of young Prince Wills.

To celebrate her 36th birthday, Business Insider has compiled the best photo from every year of her incredible life since she first met Prince William at St Andrew's University back in 2002.

Scroll on for a snapshot of every year since she entered the public spotlight, including everything from her wild university days to her third royal pregnancy announcement.

SEE ALSO: The most iconic image from 26 royal weddings throughout modern British history

March 26, 2002: Middleton walks in the annual St Andrews Charity Fashion Show during her first year of university. Prince William and Middleton established a friendship early on in their first semester of university and later moved in together with two other friends in their second year.

Source: The Guardian.

2003: Prince William and Middleton maintained a close relationship during their second and third years of university. Around Christmastime in 2003, during their third year, it's believed that the pair started dating following Middleton's split from her former boyfriend — also at St Andrew's. Here, she's pictured with a friend at a party.

Source: The Guardian.

2004: The couple's relationship is exposed after the pair are seen skiing together on holiday with Prince Charles and Prince Harry in Klosters, Switzerland. Here they are dancing the night away at a charity gala.

• Critics and Netflix CEO Reed Hastings are raving about "The End of the F***ing World," a new Netflix original TV series. 
• The absurdist black-comedy currently stands at a 100% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
• Hastings called the show Netflix's "most engaging addictive original wild show in a long time" in a recent Facebook post. 

Since its release on Friday, Netflix's original TV series "The End of the F***ing World," has gained widespread acclaim from critics, along with an enthusiastic seal of approval from Netflix CEO Reed Hastings.

An absurdist black-comedy based on a comic series of the same name, the British show first premiered on the UK's Channel 4 in October. It currently stands at a 100% "Fresh" rating on the reviews aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. 

"The End of the F***ing World" follows the exploits of James, a 17 year old who believes he's a psychopath, and his classmate, Alyssa, who runs away from her rough home life in the company of James. 

In a review for The Atlantic, Sophie Gilbert called the show a "surprising tour-de-force" that feels "a bit like a Wes Anderson screenplay that's been rejected for being too dark." 

Variety's Sonia Saraiya similarly praised the series for how it "gets under the viewer's skin with sharp, bloody intensity."

In a Facebook post on Sunday, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings linked to The Atlantic's review of the show while offering the following recommendation for the series: 

"Wow new show. Most engaging addictive original wild show in a long time. Crazy good. Two teens searching. Watch!"

It seems Hastings has a predilection for dark comedies. In 2015, the Netflix CEO said his favorite Netflix original series was "BoJack Horseman," a darkly comedic animated show that satirizes Hollywood. 

SEE ALSO: Here are all the confirmed original shows coming to Netflix in 2018

Join the conversation about this story »

NOW WATCH: Meet Scott Rogowsky — the host of the hot new mobile game show HQ Trivia

Cristiano Ronaldo topped Forbes' highest-paid athletes list for a second time in a row in 2017, having taken in an impressive $93 million in salary and endorsements.

And fortunately for his fans, the Real Madrid footballer is not afraid to flaunt his fortune and luxurious lifestyle on Instagram.

He frequently treats his 118 million Instagram followers to snaps of him on holiday and flying around the world on private jets, but he also uses the app to show off his life of luxury at home inside his £4.8 million luxury villa in an exclusive Madrid neighbourhood.

Scroll down for a sneak peek inside Cristiano Ronaldo's insane home, where he lives with his his four kids and model girlfriend Georgina Rodriguez.

SEE ALSO: Step inside Jamie Oliver's lavish £8.9 million, Grade-II listed family home complete with seven bedrooms, a huge kitchen, and a super-king bed fit for Louis XIV

Cristiano Ronaldo is no stranger to showing off his luxurious lifestyle aboard private jets and yachts, and it's no different when it comes to his £4.8 million Spanish home. He has treated his 118 million Instagram followers to more than a glimpse of the luxury villa — and you can scroll on for an inside look.

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Source: Express

Ronaldo's family home is located in the exclusive neighbourhood of La Finca, part of the Pozuelo de Alarcón municipality in Madrid, and he reportedly counts Zinedine Zidane and Gareth Bale as neighbours.

Source: Express

The villa was reportedly designed by celebrity architect Joaquin Torres and Ronaldo's pretty proud of his property — it even has his initials carved into the front door.

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Source: Express

eSports can trace its roots back to groups of friends hosting LAN parties and playing video games into the late hours of the night. But today, it has become a full-fledged industry, an official network of professional gaming tournaments and leagues.

The eSports market is currently valued at approximately $900 million, and that number will only grow in the coming years. With every passing tournament, the prizes get richer and the views increase.

And when there's money to be made, bettors will follow.

The industry is growing so quickly and so much money is pouring in from players, viewers, and sponsors that eSports betting and eSports gambling are becoming viable markets in their own right.

Betting on eSports began in earnest with the game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive through a process called "skin betting" or "skin gambling." In August 2013, an update to the PC version of CS:GO introduced cosmetic items called "skins" that changed the appearance of players' weapons.

But it soon became clear that these simple changes would create an underground economy.

Skin Betting in CSGO & DOTA 2

Skins can be earned through gameplay in CS:GO, but players can also use real money to purchase them. Players can also trade and sell their skins, which creates a market in which rarer skins demand higher prices.

This spawned numerous websites where players can gamble with their skins for the opportunity to win more valuable ones.

But players who win skins on these sites could sell them for real-world money, which has drawn criticism from those who say this qualifies as unlicensed gambling. In 2016, sites such as CSGO Lotto, CSGO Lounge, and CSGO Diamonds dealt with a lawsuit filed by a player against the owners of the gambling sites and Valve Corporation, which produced and developed CS:GO. The suit claimed that Valve was "complicit in creating, sustaining and facilitating [a] market" that permitted players (including underage players) to skin bet in the game.

Valve responded in mid-2016 by issuing cease-and-desists to numerous gambling websites that used Steam and by making clear that the company has no affiliation with such sites.

And CS:GO isn't the only game to feature skin betting. Valve's wildly popular multiplayer online battle arena game Dota 2 uses skins in much the same way, and players can bet and trade on the same sites as for CS:GO.

eSports Going Mainstream

As the popularity of games such as CS:GO and Dota 2 grew, more money poured into the industry, which created more opportunities for betting and gambling to rise. This is unsurprising considering the amount of money on the line in the top eSports tournaments.

The latest prize pool for the League of Legends 2017 Season World Championship was $4,596,591. For the 2018 Call of Duty World League Championships, the prize will be $1.5 million. The International 2017 for Dota 2 broke the record for the largest prize pool in eSports history at $24,787,916. In fact, every International since 2014 has accomplished that feat.

And as with any popular sport, the mainstream exposure has caused the money to follow. Bettors and gamblers are setting up shop to try to reap the rewards of this new economy.

eSports Betting & Gambling on the Rise

Anyone who has any experience with the betting and gambling side of American football knows two of the biggest activities surrounding the sport are fantasy football and betting on the outcomes of the games. And eSports has now grown to the point that these forms of gambling are infiltrating the video game sector.

Numerous betting sites have popped up that allow spectators to bet on eSports events and tournaments in the same way they would a football, basketball, baseball, or hockey game. Gamblers can view odds and place bets through bookies on CS:GO, Dota 2, League of Legends, and other matches.

Beyond that, fantasy eSports is becoming more prominent. Participants form leagues, draft teams of eSports players, and earn points based on how those players perform during games, similar to fantasy football.

More to Learn

eSports betting and gambling is lucrative, and brings in a whole new class of investors into eSports. But this is just one aspect of this booming industry. That's why BI Intelligence, Business Insider's premium research service, has put together a comprehensive guide on the future of professional gaming called The eSports Ecosystem.

Interested in getting the full report? Here are two ways to access it:

1. Subscribe to an All-Access pass to BI Intelligence and gain immediate access to this report and over 100 other expertly researched reports. As an added bonus, you'll also gain access to all future reports and daily newsletters to ensure you stay ahead of the curve and benefit personally and professionally. >>Learn More Now
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• In July, stuntman John Bernecker died as a result of injuries he suffered while performing a stunt for "The Walking Dead."
• His mother, Susan Bernecker, recently spoke to Deadline about unsafe conditions in the stunt industry.
• She told Deadline that the accusations of sexual misconduct against Harvey Weinstein, and the alleged cover-up of his behavior, reminded her of what happens in the stunt industry.

In July, stuntman John Bernecker suffered serious injuries in a fall on "The Walking Dead" set in Georgia. Bernecker fell more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor, and died as a result of the injuries. 

Now his mother is speaking out about unsafe conditions in the stunt industry — and she's accusing Hollywood of covering them up. 

Susan Bernecker told Deadline that when the bombshell reports came out detailing Harvey Weinstein's alleged sexual misconduct in the film industry, including the lengths he reportedly went to to cover up his behavior, she was reminded of issues in the stunt industry. 

“If you take out the word ‘sex’ and put in ‘safety,’ it’s the same thing,” Bernecker said. “This is parallel in my mind. There are the same pressures and the same risks. People are afraid to speak out because they’re afraid they’ll never work again or that they’ll be looked down upon.”

"The Walking Dead" production company, Stalwart Films, was fined $12,675 for "failing to protect employees from fall hazards." But Bernecker doesn't believe that fines are enough. 

“This should not have happened,” Bernecker told Deadline. “This was not the kind of stunt you should be killed on. He did this same stunt [a fall from a balcony] two months earlier in South Carolina. So I’m going to try to change things. My niece is a stuntwoman, and I feel a duty to find out what happened, and to do what John would have done, to make it safer for everybody. Because the industry isn’t doing it. Somebody’s got to get the ball rolling, so I guess I was picked.”

AMC, which airs "The Walking Dead," was not immediately available for comment. 

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• Gwyneth Paltrow is engaged to Brad Falchuk. Both are divorced with kids.
• It seems like Paltrow's ex-husband, Chris Martin, and Falchuk get along.
• Experts say it's important for people in that situation to have at least a cordial relationship, for the kids' sake.

Gwyneth Paltrow is officially engaged to Brad Falchuk, after three years of dating.

Reports of their engagement had been circulating since November, when Entertainment Tonight suggested that the couple had already been engaged for a year.

One of the most intriguing parts of Paltrow and Falchuk's relationship is that Falchuk seemingly gets along with Paltrow's ex-husband, Chris Martin. Paltrow and Martin "consciously uncoupled" in 2014; together they have two kids, Apple and Moses.

In November, Paltrow publicly flaunted the positive relations between her ex and new fiance, posting an Instagram photo of Falchuk and Martin side by side, with the caption, "Sunday brunch #modernfamily."

A few days later, an anonymous source told People magazine that Falchuk and Martin had already met several times, and that "Chris accepted Brad a long time ago."

The source said, "It's amazing to see how the two families have come together with their kids." Falchuk is also divorced with two kids.

This, relationship experts say, is a wise — if unusual — move. Though neither expert I spoke to knows Paltrow personally and can't speak to what's right for her and her family, each shared some general thoughts on the situation.

"It does not happen a lot," said Hal Runkel, a marriage and family therapist. But "it absolutely is advisable." When you're co-parents, as Paltrow and Martin are, Runkel said, "you are still a family after the divorce."

Andrea Syrtash, relationship expert and author of "Cheat on Your Husband (with Your Husband)," agreed that inviting both your ex and your new partner to brunch isn't that common. And it's not necessary for everyone to be best friends.

Still, Syrtash said, "I wish more exes modeled that, for the kids' sake, everyone can get along."

Unfortunately, "divorcing well" — which includes being cordial to your ex's new partner — "is not something that's common," Runkel said.

On the other hand, exes who never had kids together don't necessarily have to stay connected. In fact, if you feel like you absolutely must introduce your ex to your new partner and you don't have kids together, Syrtash recommends asking yourself why. Runkel called it "totally unnecessary."

After a breakup without kids, Runkel said, "you're not trying to repair your past." Kids, on the other hand, are "about the present and the future."

SEE ALSO: I spent a week skipping breakfast and working out for 2 hours a day just like Gwyneth Paltrow — and it helped me break some of my worst habits

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When Razer isn't busy making gorgeous laptops and colorful mice, it's notorious for bizarre experiments that it unveils annually during the International Consumer Electronics Show, better known as CES, in January. 

This year is no exception — behold, "Project Linda":

Yes, that is a laptop powered by a smartphone. And not just any phone, but Razer's smartphone of course. Pretty crazy, no? That's just for starters!

REVIEW: The new Razer Phone looks out of place in 2017, but it has one great feature that no other phone has

As you can see here, Project Linda isn't a laptop or a phone — it's a laptop-shaped dock for Razer's phone.

But when you insert the phone, it becomes the touchpad you'd normally have on a laptop — like so:

In all other ways, Project Linda is basically a laptop. It's got a big screen, a full keyboard, and a touchpad for mousing around (the aforementioned phone screen).

• Venezuelan YouTube star Mariale Marrero has 11 million subscribers across three channels, and produces videos in both English and Spanish.
• She grows her social-media presence across many platforms, but has abandoned Snapchat in favor of Instagram Stories.
• While Marrero loves her YouTube fans, she thinks that YouTube needs to do a much better job of content moderation, and said the tech giant just doesn't seem to care.

When Venezuelan YouTube star Mariale Marrero — who has over 11 million subscribers across her three channels — made the decision to pack up and move to the United States in the summer of 2014, boosting her social-media career had nothing to do with it.

“It was not related to my channels or anything like that at all,” the 26 year old told Business Insider in a recent interview. “I moved because I felt I would have a better future,” she continued, mentioning the political tumult in her native country.

In fact, Marrero didn't move to Los Angeles, or New York, or any media capital in the US. She moved to Pittsburgh, where her husband was attending graduate school. And though she didn’t plan on it, being in Pittsburg opened up a whole new avenue for her YouTube life.

“There is nothing to do in Pittsburgh,” Marrero laughed, declaring it cold and rainy and a bit boring (though she misses it now that she actually does live in Los Angeles). She felt far away from her Latin roots and needed a way to connect with the place she was now living, she said. So she started an English-language channel, which has since grown to 1.6 million subscribers.

That channel led Marrero to an entirely different subscriber base, which she personified with an anecdote about blonde and redhead girls showing up at her US meet-and-greets.

"What, me?” Marrero laughed when recounting them telling her they were big fans.

A different channel for a different audience

Marrero’s three YouTube channels allow her to explore different kinds of videos, she explained.

“All my three channels have completely different audiences,” she said. Her original Spanish-language channel that started out focused on beauty is bubbly, happy, and trends toward a younger audience.

Her “vlog” channel is her everyday self, “not always super happy,” and trends toward 20-something year olds, similar to her own age.

Her English-language channel attracted a lot of Latinos in the United States, but has since gone wider as well.

Instagram over Snapchat, no question

That diversification in Marrero's business extends to other social-media platforms as well, where she has amassed 18 million total followers.

“I am all platforms and I love it,” she said, adding that she posts different content for each.

Here’s how she broke down the current social-media landscape:

• Facebook: A lot of funny stuff to share with friends.
• Instagram:“Look at me I’m so fabulous,” she laughed. She added that it’s amusing because her fans follow her vlog channel, so they know her life isn’t that glamourous, but still, “Oh my God Gucci.” And brands love working with Instagram, she said.
• Snapchat:“I abandoned that for Insta stories,” she said, “a long time ago.” Instagram stories are so much bigger than Snapchat, especially because she could get sponsor deals because of the superior analytics, she said. That is backed up by recent research by Cowen, which said that 96% of ad buyers preferred Instagram Stories over Snap Ads.
• Twitter: Really dangerous. “Share your thoughts but not too much,” she said.

YouTube needs to get better and have more humans

As to YouTube, it’s where Marrero got her start and she’s proud of being a star on the platform.

“You must want to be an actress,” Marrero said people think of YouTube stars. “I completely disagree. I love what I do. I’m kind of a control freak. I do my own editing, have such a quick turnaround.”

But she is also critical of the platform. She said that YouTube often flags the wrong videos, punishing legitimate content while letting inappropriate videos through.

“YouTube just doesn't really care,” she said. “I feel like they just need to get better and have more humans,” she said of content moderation. “Get some real eyes, they can afford it.”

But YouTube was still the main place that allowed her to build a community of fans, and she credits a big chunk of her success to her interactions with them.

“I make it a point to reply,” she said. “I make sure to interact with them. I feel like I owe them so much ... It takes a lot of time. 24 hours a day.” Sometimes she said she’s up at 3 a.m. responding to comments, which she admitted can be a tad trying for her husband.

“It doesn't get tiring to me,” however, she said. “I don't know how.”

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Questions about whether you're on the "right" career path can strike fear into even the most confident person's heart.

But as some of the most successful people prove, you don't have to have it all figured out from the start.

Plenty of highly successful people chose to make major career changes, some even many years into their adult lives.

Here are 19 highly successful people who prove it's never too late to change paths:

SEE ALSO: What Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, and 23 other highly successful people were doing at age 25

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Jeff Bezos had a lucrative career in computer science on Wall Street and took on top roles at various financial firms before transitioning to the world of e-commerce and launching Amazon at 31.

Julia Child worked in advertising, media, and secret intelligence before writing her first cookbook when she was 50, launching her career as a celebrity chef in 1961.

John Glenn is best known for becoming the first American astronaut to orbit Earth in 1962. But 12 years later, at 53 years old, he became a US senator in Ohio, a role he held for 24 years. He did return to space in 1998, however, on a nine-day mission aboard the space shuttle Discovery.

• Paris Hilton has said she never fights with new fiancé Chris Zylka.
• Some experts say you can have conflict without fighting, while others say fighting before marriage can be productive.
• Ultimately, don't compare your relationship to the way someone else's relationship looks from the outside.

I recently profiled Paris Hilton's relationship with new fiancé Chris Zylka. More than once, I noticed, Hilton has publicly described her partner and their partnership as "perfect." Each has dropped the F-bomb — "fairy tale" — when referring to the other.

But the most sweet/gross characterization of their relationship I came across was this: In November 2017, Hilton told US Weekly, "I think we're the only couple that never fights. All my friends are like, 'Literally, you guys are the perfect couple. I've never seen you argue.'"

Zylka chimed in: "We communicate well."

My initial reaction to this assertion was, Boy are you two headed for disaster! Everyone knows a couple that never, ever fights has more problems than a couple who's constantly squabbling.

Not all experts would agree.

Let's start with the word "fight." If by fighting Hilton meant bickering — getting angry, yelling, name-calling — then not fighting might be a great thing.

You can still have conflict, but you can manage it without fighting. The difference is more than just semantics.

As clinical psychologist Susan Heitler wrote in a blog post for Psychology Today, "Marriage fights, that is, arguing at any level of intensity, reflect a breakdown in partnership." She added, "A zero-fighting policy makes couples far happier.  That doesn't imply that differences should be swept under the rug.  To the contrary, no-fighting policies need to be combined with solid collaborative win-win dialogue skills."

John Gottman, a relationship expert and the co-founder of The Gottman Institute, has said that conflicts are inevitable in any relationship —  it's all about how you manage them.

Gottman previously told Business Insider: "In really good relationships, people are very gentle with the way they come on about a conflict." In good relationships, "they don't bare their fangs and leap in there; they're very considered."

For example, Gottman said, "Instead of pointing their finger and saying, 'You a--hole!,' they say, 'Hey babe, it's not a big deal, but I need to talk about it and I need to hear from you.' In bad relationships, it's, 'You're defective, and you need therapy.'" 

Don't compare your relationship to someone else's

Interestingly, one 2012 study published in the Journal of Family Issues suggests that if you experience a lot of conflict — defined as disagreeing with your spouse — today, you'll probably still have a lot of conflict 20 years later. So if Hilton and Zylka don't duke it out now, that might bode well for their future as a couple.

On the other hand, psychologist Shauna A. Springer wrote in a blog post for Psychology Today that "fighting" before marriage is a positive thing, as it "allows each partner to gain a rich source of information about the process of how you fight and whether you can learn to have conflict without weakening your bond."

Springer recommends that "couples in the pre-marital phase of their relationship proactively ask each other lots of hard questions to set off some hidden land mines before they consider marriage." (Think a real-life version of the Mandy Moore film "License to Wed.")

Hilton has said her friends think she and Zylka are the "perfect" couple because they don't argue. Yet while her friends are entitled to fawn — and you knew this was coming — there's really no such thing as a perfect union.

A couple may have an ideal dynamic they're working toward, and that's great. But comparing your relationship to someone else's, especially when you don't know what goes on behind closed doors, is rarely a good idea.

SEE ALSO: Paris Hilton just got engaged with a $2 million ring — here's a look at her 2-year relationship with actor and model Chris Zylka

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